Sanguisorba officinal
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Rosaceae
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Herb
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Great Burnet
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The Od Force of
the whole of the plant is used as one of the components in the preparation of
the remedy. It is a topoisomerase
poison.
In the
epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an important cellular process,
epithelial cells become mesenchymal cells. . This process is also critically
involved in cancer metastasis. In a rewinding process this Od Force cancels the
imposed pharmacological activities employed to give the suffering human subject
abatements, including anti-angiogenic activity. Transforming growth factor-beta
1 (TGF-β1) induces the EMT and promotes lung adenocarcinoma migration and
invasion through the Smad2/3 signalling pathway. The chemical inhibitory
effects on lung cancer migration and invasion, the Od Force in question here
exhibits the inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT in the A549 cell line as a result the
focus of diversion that causes by the loss of the Od Force for which the said
inhibition occurs. The significantly prevented the activation of Smad2/3 signalling
pathway by TGF-β1 is hereby withdrawn. Additionally, this Od Force decreases
the increased expression functions of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and withdraws
the repression of the expression of Snail and the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin
during TGF-β1-induced EMT. Moreover, it reverses the regulated expression of
EMT-dependent genes induced by TGF-β1. Finally, it forces the wheel that caused
inhibition of the migration and invasion of TGF-β1-stimulated A549 cells. It
expresses the suppressed lung cancer migration and invasion by exhibiting the inhibiting
TGF-β1 induction of the EMT to lift the focus from the nerve system.
The
epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important for generating multiple
tissues during organismal development. This process is particularly essential
for the gastrulation of metazoans and neural crest delamination of vertebrates.
EMT is also involved in wound healing. However, EMT dysfunction leads to
pathological conditions, including carcinogenesis and fibrosis. The most
critical difference between embryonic and tumorigenic EMT is that genetically
abnormal cells are employed during EMT for tumorigenesis, and these cells lose
sensitivity to normal growth regulatory signals. During EMT, polarized
epithelial cells are converted into mesenchymal cells. Therefore, epithelial
cells lose characteristics that enable differentiation, including cell–cell
adhesion, apical–basal polarity and motility dysfunction, and obtain
mesenchymal properties, such as motility, invasiveness and apoptotic
resistance. So EMT affects embryo formation, implantation, organ development
and the generation of various cell types. EMT promotes wound healing, tissue
regeneration and fibrosis, and participates in inflammation. EMT is involved in cancer progression and
metastasis.
Embryonic
stem cells (ESCs) are acquired from the inner cell mass of early blastocysts.
Accordingly, these cells differentiate into multiple cell types
Cadherins
are calcium ion-dependent glycoproteins expressed on the cell surface. These
proteins are involved in cell–cell adhesion and interaction. The cadherin
family is divided into type 1 and type 2. E-cadherin is a cadherin family
member that possesses a single-pass transmembrane domain, and this protein is
primarily detected in epithelial cells. Although the region of E-cadherin that
participates in cell–cell adhesion is unknown, the histidine-alanine-valine
domain might have an important role in cell–cell interaction. E-cadherin has
two preserved domains: the β-catenin-binding domain and p120-binding domain.
The β-catenin-binding domain promotes the interaction between the actin
cytoskeleton and E-cadherin. This interaction is achieved through the
cytoplasmic cell adhesion complex, which comprises epithelial protein lost in
neoplasm, β-catenin and α-catenin. As decreased E-cadherin expression on the
cell surface might be involved in tumor progression and metastasis, E-cadherin
is considered a repressor of tumor progression and metastasis. Decreased
E-cadherin expression breaks down cell–cell contact and increases EMT
induction, resulting in tumor motility. In colorectal carcinoma, which
expresses STAT3, the expression of E-cadherin was decreased. However, the
induction of small interfering RNA for STAT3 increased E-cadherin expression,
thereby decreasing the invasive properties and expression of vimentin and
N-cadherin in these cells. E-cadherin has also been associated with
transcriptional repressive pathways through the E-box-binding proteins, Snail
and Slug, and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) and MMP-13. For example, MMP-7
and MMP-13 can remove the extracellular E-cadherin domain, and the deleted
soluble ectodomain might suppress E-cadherin activity in neighbouring cells.
A number
of transcription factors, including Snail, ZEB and helix–loop–helix (HLH)
family members, regulate EMT. In vertebrates, the Snail family comprises three
members: Snail 1, Snail 2 and Snail 3. Snail 1 is also called ‘Snail,' and
Snail 2 is also known as ‘Slug,' and these proteins suppress the expression of
epithelial genes, such as E-cadherin and plakoglobin, and also activate the
expression of mesenchymal proteins, including N-cadherin and fibronectin. The
activation of the Snail family depends on a conserved zinc finger domain and an
N-terminal snail/Gfi domain. In addition, the C-terminal region attaches
to the E-box, represses the expression of target genes associated with
epithelial cell markers and activates mesenchymal protein expression. Other
transcription factors, including Ets-1 and specificity protein 1 are also
involved in this process. The Snail family members are important factors for
EMT regulation. In colon cancer (DLD1), cells transfected with Snail and Slug
show increased β-catenin –T-cell factor-4 transcription complex formation. This
complex increases the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3,
resulting in the TGF-β3-induced upregulation of lymphoid enhancer factor-1 gene
expression, which induces the EMT response. In addition, TGF-β1 and 2 stimulate
EMT signalling pathways through Snail and Slug. Snail blocks epithelial
markers, that is, cytokeratin-18, Muc-1, desmoplakin and E-cadherin, thereby
increasing the expression of fibronectin and vimentin. It upregulates
Rho-GTPase during gastrulation, resulting in cytoskeletal changes. In lung
cancer, Slug acts as a metastasis-promoting gene, demonstrating that slug
downregulates E-cadherin expression, upregulates MMP-2 and increases
angiogenesis.
HLH
family members also influence the EMT process. This protein family can be
divided into seven groups. Class 1 HLH proteins include E12 and E47, class 2
HLH proteins include twist and class 5 HLH proteins include Ids. These three
HLH groups, classes 1, 2, 5, are involved in EMT induction. E12 or E47 inhibit
the expression of E-cadherin and plakoglobin and increase the production of
vimentin and fibronectin. Ids repress transcription through different
molecules, such as TGF-β, associated with the repression of E-cadherin expression.
Ids do not bind DNA, but rather bind to E12 or E47, acting as negative
inhibitors. The ectopic expression of twist represses the expression of
E-cadherin, occludin and claudin-7 and facilitates the expression of vimentin
and N-cadherin to enhance cancer cell migration and invasion. Twist forms a
heterodimer with E12 and E47, and this dimer regulates transcription through
DNA binding.
In
vertebrates, the ZEB family includes ZEB1 (deltaEF1 or AREB6) and ZEB2
(smad-interacting protein 1, SIP1). ZEB family proteins possess a zinc finger
cluster at each end, which interacts with DNA. A repressor motif in the central
homeodomain and the recruitment of C-terminal-binding protein as a co-repressor
mediate transcriptional repression through ZEB1 and ZEB2. However, the
interaction between ZEB, PCAF and p300 converts ZEB1 from a repressor to an
activator. These proteins reduce epithelial marker expression and increase
mesenchymal marker expression during the induction of EMT. ZEB is
activated through other signalling molecules, such as TGF-β, and growth factors
that activate Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase; in addition, this protein
is repressed through microRNA 200 and microRNA 250 family members.
Several
pathways regulate the EMT, including pathways involving TGF-β, Wnt, receptor
tyrosine kinase (RTK), hedgehog, tumor necrosis factor-α and Notch. TGF-β is an
important molecule for the induction of EMT during metastasis and
embryogenesis. TGF-β was shown to have two actions: tumor suppression and
tumor promotion. TGF-β acts as a tumor repressor during early tumor growth and
induces cell growth arrest and apoptosis. During late tumor growth, TGF-β
initiates cancer progression and metastasis through smad-dependent or
smad-independent signalling pathways. The Smad-dependent signalling
pathway regulates EMT through the expression of snail, ZEB and
twist. These transcriptional regulators repress the expression of
epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin, plakoglobin and occludin, and also
activate mesenchymal markers, including vimentin, fibronectin and
N-cadherin. TGF-β signalling involves ligand binding to TGF receptors
(TβR1 and TβR2). Smad2/3 is subsequently activated and forms a complex with
smad4. Smad 2/3/4 complexes translocate to the nucleus and interact with other
transcription factors to regulate the expression of target
genes. Smad-independent pathways include phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt,
Ras, mitogen-activated protein kinase and Rho-like GTPase pathways. These
pathways upregulate the expression of snail, twist and ZEB. TGF-β also promotes
EMT through interactions with Wnt and Notch.
The
Notch pathway is initiated through interactions between the Notch receptor and
ligands on adjacent cells. Four Notch receptors (1–4) and five ligands (Dll-1,
Dll-3, Dll-4, Jagged-1 and Jagged-2) exist in mammals. Notch signalling is
initiated through ligand binding to an adjacent receptor. Subsequently,
γ-secretase cleaves the intramembrane Notch receptor. The released Notch
intracellular domain translocates to the nucleus and interacts with
C-protein-binding factor 1/Suppressor of Hairless/Lag-1 and acts as an
activator of target genes, including Hes and Hey. Notch signalling is insufficient to completely
induce EMT and crosstalk with other signalling molecules might therefore be
required, the Notch signalling pathway has been considered an important
regulator for the induction of EMT. Notch activation morphologically,
phenotypically and functionally converts epithelial cells into mesenchymal-type
cells. This change has been associated with the downregulation of epithelial
markers, including E-cadherin, Tei1, Tei2 and platelet–endothelial epithelial
cell adhesion molecule-1, and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers, such as
α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and fibronectin. Snail and slug are induced
through Notch signalling to promote EMT, which has an important role during
both embryonic development and tumor progression.
Wnt
signalling is also important for diverse cell functions via canonical
(β-catenin) or noncanonical pathways. The formation of the Wnt–Fz–LRP
complex through the binding of ligands, that is, wnt1 and wnt3, to their
receptors, Frizzled (Fz) and LRP 5/6, initiates the canonical pathway. Without
the Wnt signalling pathway, cytoplasmic β-catenin forms a complex with Axin,
adenomatous polyposis coli, glycogen synthase kinase-3β and Ck1. When the
cell receives Wnt signals, a complex is formed between LRP5/6 and Fz. These
structures affect β-catenin stabilization, nuclear translocation and protein
accumulation. In the nucleus, β-catenin forms a complex with T-cell factor/lymphoid
enhancer factor, thereby initiating the expression of Wnt target
genes. During EMT, smad2 and smad 4 influence Wnt signaling to repress
E-cadherin expression in medial-edge epithelial cells. Lymphoid enhancer
factor-1 has also been associated with mesenchymal marker
expression. Other studies have suggested that wnt3 promotes EMT through
the increased expression of N-cadherin, twist and slug and the decreased
expression of E-cadherin in the trastuzumab-insensitive cells, SKBR3/100-8 and
BT474/100-2. The activation of Wnt signalling is important for the
induction of EMT in breast and prostate cancers.
RTK
signalling alone does not induce EMT. Therefore, interplay with other signalling
molecules might be required. Growth factors, such as hepatocyte growth
factor, epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, bind to their
respective receptors and activate extensive crosstalk networks that affect
EMT. These growth factors switch signals through the structural activation
of RTK, which activates TGF-β and integrin signalling pathways to alter EMT.
Three activities occurring downstream of Ras might be required for the
induction of EMT: smad2 activation, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway
initiation and Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway.
In
most ESCs, the transformation of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells might
occur during ESC differentiation. Differentiation of human ESCs involves (1)
the conversion from E-cadherin to N-cadherin, (2) increased vimentin expression,
(3) the increase of repression molecules of E-cadherin, such as Snail and Slug,
and (4) increased gelatinase activity and cellular motility. In
undifferentiated human ESCs, the abrogation of E-cadherin-mediated cell–cell
contact increases cellular motility and induces actin cytoskeleton
rearrangement. The 5T4 antigen is expressed on the cell surface,
generating a mesenchymal phenotype. The expression of the 5T4 oncofetal antigen
is upregulated in colorectal, gastric and ovarian carcinomas. Overexpression
of 5T4 antigen on mouse ESCs reduces cell–cell contact, downregulates
E-cadherin expression and alters the actin cytoskeleton in epithelial
cells. The lack of 5T4 antigen is involved in increase of the restoration
of cell–cell contact, and the upregulation of E-cadherin production prevents
the development of a mesenchymal morphology. This effect might reflect the
stabilization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton rearrangement through
E-cadherin, which blocks 5T4 antigen localization. Human ESC colonies, cultured
under feeder-free conditions, undergo differentiation and develop a mesenchymal
cell-like phenotype. The mesenchymal-like cells express more mesenchymal
markers compared with a single upper layer of columnar (zone 1) cells. Human
pluripotent stem cells resemble cells obtained from the epiblast. The
occurrence of EMT in human pluripotent stem cells and embryoid bodies reflects
the EMT observed during gastrulation in human development. Although
ptk7-positive cells lose pluripotent marker and E-cadherin expression and
acquire mesenchymal marker expression, ptk7 did not affect pluripotency or
lineage marker changes. EMT in ESCs
might induce differentiation through several pathways.
MicroRNA
acts as a regulator of EMT in many cell types. The microRNA 200 family members
suppress EMT and the differentiation of ESCs at the epiblast stem cell stage. The
mesenchymal–epithelial transition is important in reprogramming fibroblasts.
OCT4, SOX2, Klf4 and c-Myc are imported into fibroblasts, and these proteins
induce the rapid downregulation of microRNA-155 and microRNA-10b, associated
with EMT, and the upregulation of microRNA-205 and -429 during the development
of induced pluripotent stem cells. EMT is associated with the
differentiation of ESCs. Certain factors, that is, the microRNA family, which
regulate EMT at various pluripotent stages exist. Naïve cells are thought to be
more undifferentiated than primed cells; these regulating factors may have an
influence on pluripotent stages of naïve and primed cells.
EMT is
important for embryonic development, and this process affects metastasis and
the invasion of various cancers. Several molecules, including TGF-β and other
growth factors, induce EMT. These factors bind to their respective receptors
and might also interact with each other. Various signalling pathways (for
example, the TGF-β, Wnt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β, Notch and RTK signalling
pathways) might be critical for the induction of EMT. ESCs are pluripotent. These
cells can differentiate into many cell types. ESCs might be controlled through EMT under
various circumstances during differentiation. Transcriptional activators of
EMT, such as snail and ZEB may also implicated in the differentiation of ESCs,
and regulating factors, such as the microRNA family, specifically promoted or
inhibited EMT at the pluripotent cell stage. Thus, ESCs remain at either the
pluripotent stage or the more differentiated stage. EMT and regulating factors
regulate the differentiation of ESCs. Because ESCs, rather than epiblast stem
cells, are more undifferentiated, these cells undergo EMT differentiation,
suggesting that this process contributes to naïve and primed cell types. So any
chemical activity to control any suffering will be leaded to focus the further
loss of the Od Force caused by this said chemical performances from the
previous suffering zone to some other zone and naturally the loss here affects
the cell to cell negatively charged electromagnetic circuit(s) are of the nerve
system.
This Od Force
exerts its exhibitory mechanism to lift the chemical inhibitory activities over
the DNA topoisomerases. Catalytic strand-passing activities of topoisomerases I
and II are inhibited. In cancelling this inhibition this Od Force in question
overrules the mechanism that prevents the formation of covalent enzyme-DNA
complexes intermediates. In its anti-poison it shows no stimulation withdrawal
activities towards the formation of cleavable-complexes, with intracellular
activity but without any marked selectivity.
The reorganized
focusing on the nerve system due to chemical activities covering mainly four
meridians of liver, lungs, kidneys and large intestine due to loss of the Od
Force caused by the material treatment thereon is reversed herewith.
The Od Force in
question exhibits the imposed chemical inhibition on the both CCR5 and CXCR4 tropic HIV-1 (ADA and HXB2). It also inhibits
simian immunodeficiency. It erases the
footprints left chemically in the human system reverse transcriptase
inhibitor resistant viruses (K103N, Y188L, and K103N/Y188L/G190A) and a
protease inhibitor resistant strain (PI-2840).
It withdraws the chemical diversion caused from the material treatment
of the wound and ant-scar. Similarly it lifts the chemical shifts caused from
the chemical activities imposed on the red blood cells causing anaemia or
worse. It puts anti-irritant force on the irritation on the mucous membrane. It
soothes the stimulated immune system. So in result it sweeps the foot prints dusts
risk caused by the infection. The chemical hepatoprotective shifts which
naturally focus on the nerve system are withdrawn herewith. The cell to cell
negatively charged electromagnetic circuit(s) which has been deactivated
materially for which the building of the cholesterol is disordered, is further
hurt chemically to combat the said cholesterol build up. As a
result a new focus appears on the nerve system. This diversion is withdrawn
hare again. It exhibits the inhibited hepatic synthesis of cholesterol, activates the
deactivated cell to cell electromagnetic circuit(s) the focus of which
established after the chemical activity that decreases cholesterol absorption
from the gut, increases cholesterol excretion.
The caused
gastrointestinal distress is withdrawn by erasing the effective focus on the
nerve system. In the same way the reflex expectorant effect is also rewind. In
this respect the Od Force in question here interfere with the caused increase
in the production of mucus in the lungs. On the contrary the respective
chemical or material activity helps the patients of coughs of all sorts, but
particularly for those with dry cough but with the diversion due to further
loss of the Od Force caused as the chemical or material activity helps the
patients of coughs or dry cough. It reverses the immune modulating and steps
back the consistency of diversion of antineoplastic effects.
So this Od
Force is anti-haemolytic. Anti-hypolipidemic, anti-immunomodulating and
anti-cytotoxic and in the same way it erases the foot marks of the microbials.
It cancels the diversions caused from the selected free radicals, antioxidant
activities, reduced LDL
cholesterol and inhibit the growth of cancerous.
In the way of
taken charge of astringency and coagulant properties the human system
further faces the additional loss of the Od Force here through a new focus
preferably on the nerve is withdrawn herewith.In this way it plays the
important role in withdrawing the diversion caused chemically in cases of
prevented hemorrhages and internal bleeding. While the haemorrhages are being
stopped the effective speed of blood circulation goes to a down status by the
cost of mounted anti-circulating energy here and or this a new focus of
imbalance will be viewed the erase of which is done herewith. The rearranged
focus in treating hematochezia, bloody haemorrhoid with
bright red colour chemically may come in force to exhibit even purging. Red
profuse vaginal bleeding of metrorrhagia and metrostaxis due to blood heat
accompanied by dry mouth and lips---the focusing zones of the nerve is a
subject of withdrawing perfomance by this Od Force. It withdraws the diversion
of materially treated blood lingering dysentery, actions of purging fire and
relieving toxicities, empyrosis by lifting the diversions caused from cleared
heat and cooled blood, relieved toxicity and eliminated swelling. It escorts
the human system from suffering mostly burning from the externally medication
to prevent toxic hepatitis due to lots of tannin absorption it contains. It
adds up the lost Od Force resulted from the material treaments of abscess and
carbuncle before and after pus is formed. The diversions from chemically
treated various skin conditions are also under the surveillance of this Od
Force for withdrawing the diversion herefrom. The constriction functioning on
the blood vessel that stops bleeding of varicose veins, sweeling of the blood
vessels on the surface of skin, eczema, burns, etc. are done reversed to
salvage the additionally suffering human subjects. It also finds out the
chemical shifts came from the diarrhea, leucorroea etc. like abnormal
discharges to to counterbalance the Od Force that had been lost during the
chemical process that keeps the sufferings behind the curtain as if the same
has been cured. The chemical diversion of peptic ulcers and haematuria is also
in the curing capability of thid Force selectively.